## DINGO Database v1.0 Released in June 2019 under the CC-BY 4.0 Licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ## Creators Paul Vardanega* Elia Voyagaki* Jamie Crispin* Charlotte Gilder* Konstantina Ntassiou* *University of Bristol, UK ## Suggested Citation Vardanega P.J., Voyagaki E., Crispin J.J., Gilder C.E.L. and Ntassiou K. (2019) The DINGO Database: June 2019,v1.0. University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, https://doi.org/10.5523/bris.3r14qbdhv648b2p83gjqby2fl8 ## Database details This is a database of pile load test information that has been built as part of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) funded project EP/P020933/1: Databases to INterrogate Geotechnical Observations (DINGO) which ran between 1 July 2017 and 9 June 2019. The database is populated with data digitised from the literature as well as datasets supplied by contributors from the geotechnical engineering industry in the United Kingdom. ## Disclaimer The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in the summary report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the study sponsor(s), project partner(s), data contributor(s) or the University of Bristol. This database and accompanying report do not constitute a design standard or code of practice. The report is for information purposes only and should not be relied upon for any specific purpose. To report any errors in the database please email: p.j.vardanega@bristol.ac.uk. ## Folder Details "DINGO Database Summary Report v1-0.pdf" contains the summary report for the project detailing how the data was collected, the sources of the information and the structure in which it is stored. Some pages are intentionally left blank for ease of printing. The folder is broken down into the following top level folders: "ALL" contains the data files for every site in the database, their structure is explained below. "GEOL_CATS" contains subfolders breaking down the database by the geology encountered. "PILE_TYPE" contains subfolders breaking down the database by the pile type. "DECADES" contains subfolders breaking down the database by the decade of construction. "SUMMARY_TABLES" contains some key tables in the summary report (DINGO Database Summary Report v1-0.pdf) in other data formats. The "GEOL_CATS" folder is broken down into the following subfolders: LDN sites including piles with any length embedded in London Clay, Lambeth Group, or Thanet Sand MMG sites including piles with any length embedded in Mercia Mudstone CHK sites including piles with any length embedded in Chalk SUPD sites including piles with 70% or more of the length embedded in superficial deposits COH sites including piles with 70% or more of the length embedded in cohesive soils GRA sites including piles with 70% or more of the length embedded in granular soils The "PILE_TYPE" folder is broken down into the following subfolders: BOH sites containing bored piles DRI_C sites containing driven concrete piles DRI_S sites containing driven steel piles CFA sites containing continuous flight auger piles MISC site containing any other pile types The "DECADES" folder is broken down into subfolders by decade of pile installation from the 1940s to the present day. Further information on the data categories is included in the summary report (DINGO Database Summary Report v1-0.pdf). ## Data file details The database is made up of a series of data files, one for each site at which testing took place. Each data file is a set of tables describing the site conditions and testing that took place. Each data file is provided both as an .xlsx file generated using Microsoft Excel for Office 365 Version 1904 and a utf8 encoded .csv text file containing comma separated values. Each site and therefore data file has been given a unique reference of the form: "X##_##". The letter indicates the source of the data, "R" denotes a published source and "D" donated data. A number has been assigned to each source, if an underscore and second number is included, a source has been split into multiple sites. A full list of all files and their associated sources is included below and in Appendix VI of the summary report (DINGO Database Summary Report v1-0.pdf). Each data file is made up of the following tables: PROJ Project General Information about the site. LOCA Location Locations and levels of boreholes and the site. GEOL Geology Borehole and pile logs. LLPL Atterberg Limits Atterberg limits. ISPT Standard Penetration Test Standard penetration tests. TRIG Undrained Shear Strength Tests Triaxial and other tests to determine Undrained Strength CULN Design Lines Undrained shear strength design lines CONS Consolidation Tests Consolidation tests. WSTG Water Strike Water strikes. PIEZ Piezometric Head Piezometric head. PILE Piles Pile details. BORE Bored Pile boring details. DRIV Driven Pile driving details. PTST Pile Test Pile load tests conducted. PSLT Pile Static Load Test Static load test results. CTST Concrete Test Concrete tests. CYCL Pile Cyclic Load Tests Cyclic load test results. The PROJ table contains two columns, the first being the field name, the second the value. All other tables utilise the same format: The first row is the friendly name of the field. The second row is the shortened codename of the field. The third row contains the units (where relevant). All subsequent rows contain data corresponding to these fields. Further information on the structure of the data files is included in the summary report (DINGO Database Summary Report v1-0.pdf). ## Summary table details Two summary tables are included, "SITES" and "PILES". Similarly to the data files, these are made available both as .xlsx and .csv, structured the same as a table descibed above. The "SITES" table contains site information, including locations and summary statistics. This is a combination of Table 4 and Table II_1 in the summary report (DINGO Database Summary Report v1-0.pdf). The "SITES" table is also provided as an ESRI shapefile. The "PILES" table contains pile information, including dimensions, type, geology encountered and categories. This is Table II_2 in the summary report (DINGO Database Summary Report v1-0.pdf). Filtered versions are included in Appendix III, IV and V for geology categories, pile types and decade of construction, respectively. ## Data sources A full list of the data files in the database and the corresponding sources is included below. These are included in Appendix VI of the summary report (DINGO Database Summary Report v1-0.pdf) and in each data file under the "Reference" field in the PROJ table. Contributors have agreed in writing for their data to be shared via the DINGO Database and are cited as personal communication. D01_01 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018) Report No: 1748, Midlands driver information system project (1996) D01_02 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018) Report No: 1748, Midlands driver information system project (1996) D01_03 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018) Report No: 1748, Midlands driver information system project (1996) D01_04 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018) Report No: 1748, Midlands driver information system project (1996) D01_05 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018) Report No: 1748, Midlands driver information system project (1996) D01_06 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018) Report No: 1748, Midlands driver information system project (1996) D01_07 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018) Report No: 1748, Midlands driver information system project (1996) D01_08 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018) Report No: 1748, Midlands driver information system project (1996) D01_09 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018) Report No: 1748, Midlands driver information system project (1996) D01_10 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018) Report No: 1748, Midlands driver information system project (1996) D01_11 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018) Report No: 1748, Midlands driver information system project (1996) D02_01 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018) Report No: 2949, M25 Bridges, Brasted trial pile test (1976) D02_02 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018) Report No: 2949, M25 Bridges, Brasted trial pile test (1976) D03 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018), Report No: 18336, Report on the Advance of Pile Testing For Structures on the Proposed Skipton Western By-Pass (1978) D04_01 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018), Report No: 3158, Pile Test Results (1978) D04_02 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018), Report No: 3158, Pile Test Results (1978) D04_03 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018), Report No: 3158, Pile Test Results (1978) D04_04 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018), Report No: 3158, Pile Test Results (1978) D04_05 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018), Report No: 3158, Pile Test Results (1978) D04_06 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018), Report No: 3158, Pile Test Results (1978) D04_07 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018), Report No: 3158, Pile Test Results (1978) D04_08 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018), Report No: 3158, Pile Test Results (1978) D04_09 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018), Report No: 3158, Pile Test Results (1978) D05 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018), Report No: 8258, Pile testing at Breydon Bridge for the Second River Crossing on the A47 Trunk Road, Great Yarmouth Western Bypass (1982) D06 Highways England’s Geotechnical Data Management System (HAGDMS, 2018), Report No: 7757, A11 Trunk road, Besthorpe to Wymondham Improvement (1991) D07_01 Nowak P (2018) Personal communication D07_02 Nowak P (2018) Personal communication D07_03 Nowak P (2018) Personal communication D07_04 Nowak P (2018) Personal communication D07_05 Nowak P (2018) Personal communication D07_06 Nowak P (2018) Personal communication D07_07 Nowak P (2018) Personal communication D07_08 Nowak P (2018) Personal communication D08_01 O'Riordan N (2017) Personal communication D08_02 O'Riordan N (2017) Personal communication D09 Sadek T (2019) Personal communication D10 Sadek T (2019) Personal communication; Curtis C, Law A and Jordan L (2002) Piling in Coal Measures at the City of Manchester Stadium for the Commonwealth Games 2002, In Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Piling and Deep Foundations, Nice, pp. 387-394. D11 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D12 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D13 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D14 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D15 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D16 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D17 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D18 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D19 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D20 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D21 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D22 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D23 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D24 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D25 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D26 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D27 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D28 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D29 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D30 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D31 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D32 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D33 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D34 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D35 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D36 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D37 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D38 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D39 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D40 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D41 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D42 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D43 Solera SA (2018) Personal communication D44 Woodruff M (2018) Personal communication R01_01 Baxter DJ (2009) Innovation in the Design of Continuous Flight Auger and Bored Displacement Piles. EngD Thesis, Loughborough University, UK; Baxter DJ and Hadley S (2006) Bored displacement piles in stiff clay. Ground Engineering 39(10):35-36. R01_02 Baxter DJ (2009) Innovation in the Design of Continuous Flight Auger and Bored Displacement Piles. EngD Thesis, Loughborough University, UK R02 Beadman D, Pennington M and Sharratt M (2012) Pile test at the Shard London Bridge. Ground Engineering 25:24-29 R03 Bishop AW, Collingridge VH and O'Sullivan TP (1948) Driving and loading tests on six precast concrete piles in gravel. Geotechnique 1(1):49-58. R04 Bond A J, Jardine R J (1990) Research on the Behaviour of Displacement Piles in an Overconsolidated Clay, Report OTH 89 296 R05 Brown MJ, Hyde AF and Anderson WF (2006) Analysis of a rapid load test on an instrumented bored pile in clay. Géotechnique 56(9):627-38; Brown MJ (2004) The rapid load testing of piles in fine grained soils. PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, UK. R06 Chapman TJ, Connolly ML, Nicholson DP, Raison CA, Yeow HC (1999) Advances in understanding of base grouted pile performance in very dense sand. In Proceedings of Tunnel construction and piling by Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London, pp.8-10. R07 Ciavaglia F, Carey J and Diambra A (2017 ) Time-dependent uplift capacity of driven piles in low to medium density chalk. Géotechnique Letters 7(1):90-6. R08 Cole KW and Stroud MA (1976) Rock socket piles at Coventry Point, Market Way, Coventry. Geotechnique 26(1):47-62. R09 Cooke RW Price G and Tarr K (1979) Jacked piles in London Clay: a study of load transfer and settlement under working conditions. Geotechnique 29(2):113-147. R10 Couldery PA and Fleming WG (1987). Continuous flight auger piling at St. Enoch Square, Glasgow. Ground Engineering 20(6):17-28. R11 Curtis C (2001) Evolution of Piling Design and Techniques in Mudstone at Manchester Airport. In Proceedings of 26th Annual Members' Conference, St. Louis, MO, pp.3-16 R12 Dauncey PC and Woodland AR (1984) Bored cast in-situ piled foundations in Keuper Marl for the Birmingham International Arena. In Piling and Ground Treatment, Thomas Telford, London, UK., pp. 139-146. R13_01 Davis AG and Chandler RJ (1973) Further work on the engineering properties of Keuper Marl, CIRIA Report RR47 R13_02 Davis AG and Chandler RJ (1973) Further work on the engineering properties of Keuper Marl, CIRIA Report RR47 R14 Fearenside and Cooke (1978) The skin friction of bored piles formed in clay under bentonite, CIRIA Report R77 R15 Foley GP and Davis AG (1971) Piling in Keuper marl at Leicester. Civil Engineering and Public Works Review, 66(782):987-991. R16 George AB, Sherrell FW and Tomlinson MJ (1976 ) The behaviour of steel H-piles in slaty mudstone. Geotechnique 26(1):95-104. R17 Golder HQ and Leonard MW (1954) Some tests on bored piles in London Clay. Géotechnique 4(1):32-41. R18 Green H (1961) Long-Term Loading of Short-Bored Piles. Géotechnique 11(1):47-53. R19 Grose WJ and Kaye D ( 1986) Driving piles adjacent to vibration-sensitive structures. Ground Engineering 19(4):23-31. R20 Hobbs NB and Robins P (1976) Compression and tension tests on driven piles in chalk. Geotechnique 26(1):33-46. R21 Houston CRM (1995) Contractor-designed piles for the Toyota car plant in Derbyshire. Engineering Geology Special Publications, Geological Society, London, 10(1):115-26. R22 Jones DA and Turner MJ (1980) Load tests on post-grouted micropiles in London clay. Ground Engineering 13(6):47-53. R23 Jorden EE and Dobie M (1976) Tests on piles in Keuper Marl for the foundations of a blast furnace at Redcar. Géotechnique 26(1):105-13. R24_01 Kilborn NS, Treharne G and Zarifian V (1989) The use of the standard penetration test for the design of bored piles in the Keuper Marl of Cardiff. In Penetration testing in the UK: Proceedings of the geotechnology conference organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers, Birmingham, Thomas Telford Publishing, pp. 87-92. R24_02 Kilborn NS, Treharne G and Zarifian V (1989) The use of the standard penetration test for the design of bored piles in the Keuper Marl of Cardiff. In Penetration testing in the UK: Proceedings of the geotechnology conference organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers, Birmingham, Thomas Telford Publishing, pp. 87-92. R24_03 Kilborn NS, Treharne G and Zarifian V (1989) The use of the standard penetration test for the design of bored piles in the Keuper Marl of Cardiff. In Penetration testing in the UK: Proceedings of the geotechnology conference organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers, Birmingham, Thomas Telford Publishing, pp. 87-92. R24_04 Kilborn NS, Treharne G and Zarifian V (1989) The use of the standard penetration test for the design of bored piles in the Keuper Marl of Cardiff. In Penetration testing in the UK: Proceedings of the geotechnology conference organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers, Birmingham, Thomas Telford Publishing, pp. 87-92. R25 Lam C, Troughton V, Jefferis S and Suckling T (2010) Effect of support fluids on pile performance–a field trial in east London. Ground Engineering 43(10):28-31. R26_01 Leach B, Mallard DJ (1979) The design and installation of precast concrete piles in the Keuper marl of the Severn Estuary. In Proceedings of Conference, Recent Developments in the Design and Construction of Piles. I.C.E., London, Thomas Telford, London, UK., pp. 33-43. R26_02 Leach B, Mallard DJ (1979) The design and installation of precast concrete piles in the Keuper marl of the Severn Estuary. In Proceedings of Conference, Recent Developments in the Design and Construction of Piles. I.C.E., London, Thomas Telford, London, UK., pp. 33-43. R27 Leach B, Medland J and Sutherland H (1976) The ultimate bearing capacity of bored piles in weathered Keuper Marl. In Proceedings of the 6th European conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vienna, vol. 1, pp. 507-514. R28 Lord JA ( 1976) A comparison of three types of driven cast in situ pile in chalk. Geotechnique 26(1):73-93. R29 Lyndon A, Price G, Stansfield L and Wei MJ (1993) Strain measurement in CFA bored piles in soft clay. In Proceedings of the 2rd International Geotechnical Seminar on Deep Foundations on Bored and Auger Piles, BAPII, Ghent, Belgium (WF Impe (ed)), Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 413-416. R30 Mallard DJ and Ballantyne JL (1976) The behaviour of piles in upper chalk at Littlebrook D power station. Géotechnique 26(1):115-32. R31 Martin J, Budden D and Norman S (2016) Pile tests to justify higher adhesion factors in London Clay. In Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Geotechnical Engineering 169(2):121-8. R32 McNamara AM, Suckling T, McKinley B and Stallebrass SE (2014) A field trial of a reusable, hollow, cast-in-situ pile. In Proceedings of the ICE-Geotechnical Engineering 167(4):390-401. R33_01 Meyerhof GG and Murdock LJ ( 1953) An investigation of the bearing capacity of some bored and driven piles in London Clay. Geotechnique 3(7):267-82. R33_02 Meyerhof GG and Murdock LJ ( 1953) An investigation of the bearing capacity of some bored and driven piles in London Clay. Geotechnique 3(7):267-82. R34 Omer JR (1998) Numerical analysis of test pile data from instrumented large-diameter bored piles formed in Keuper Marl (Mercia mudstone). PhD Thesis, University of Glamorgan; Omer JR, Robinson RB, Delpak R and Shih JK (2003) Large-scale pile tests in Mercia mudstone: Data analysis and evaluation of current design methods. Geotechnical & Geological Engineering 21(3):167-200. R35 O'Riordan NJ (1982) The mobilisation of shaft adhesion down a bored, cast-in-situ pile in the Woolwich and Reading beds. Ground Engineering 15(3):17-26; Sherwood DE and Mitchell JM (1989) Base grouted piles in Thanet Sands, London. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Piling and Deep Foundations, London, UK (Burland J and Mitchell J (Eds)), AA Balkema Rotterdam, the Netherlands, pp. 463-472 R36 Patel D, Glover S, Chew J and Austin J (2015) The Pinnacle—Design and construction of large diameter deep base grouted piles in London. Ground Engineering 48(11):24-31. R37_01 Patel DC (1989) A Case Study of the Shaft Friction of Bored Piles in London Clay in Terms of Total and Effective Stresses. MSc Dissertation, Imperial College London, UK R37_02 Patel DC (1989) A Case Study of the Shaft Friction of Bored Piles in London Clay in Terms of Total and Effective Stresses. MSc Dissertation, Imperial College London, UK R37_03 Patel DC (1989) A Case Study of the Shaft Friction of Bored Piles in London Clay in Terms of Total and Effective Stresses. MSc Dissertation, Imperial College London, UK R37_04 Patel DC (1989) A Case Study of the Shaft Friction of Bored Piles in London Clay in Terms of Total and Effective Stresses. MSc Dissertation, Imperial College London, UK R37_05 Patel DC (1989) A Case Study of the Shaft Friction of Bored Piles in London Clay in Terms of Total and Effective Stresses. MSc Dissertation, Imperial College London, UK R37_06 Patel DC (1989) A Case Study of the Shaft Friction of Bored Piles in London Clay in Terms of Total and Effective Stresses. MSc Dissertation, Imperial College London, UK R37_07 Patel DC (1989) A Case Study of the Shaft Friction of Bored Piles in London Clay in Terms of Total and Effective Stresses. MSc Dissertation, Imperial College London, UK R37_08 Patel DC (1989) A Case Study of the Shaft Friction of Bored Piles in London Clay in Terms of Total and Effective Stresses. MSc Dissertation, Imperial College London, UK R37_09 Patel DC (1989) A Case Study of the Shaft Friction of Bored Piles in London Clay in Terms of Total and Effective Stresses. MSc Dissertation, Imperial College London, UK R37_10 Patel DC (1989) A Case Study of the Shaft Friction of Bored Piles in London Clay in Terms of Total and Effective Stresses. MSc Dissertation, Imperial College London, UK R37_11 Patel DC (1989) A Case Study of the Shaft Friction of Bored Piles in London Clay in Terms of Total and Effective Stresses. MSc Dissertation, Imperial College London, UK R37_12 Patel DC (1989) A Case Study of the Shaft Friction of Bored Piles in London Clay in Terms of Total and Effective Stresses. MSc Dissertation, Imperial College London, UK R37_13 Patel DC (1989) A Case Study of the Shaft Friction of Bored Piles in London Clay in Terms of Total and Effective Stresses. MSc Dissertation, Imperial College London, UK R37_14 Patel DC (1989) A Case Study of the Shaft Friction of Bored Piles in London Clay in Terms of Total and Effective Stresses. MSc Dissertation, Imperial College London, UK R37_15 Patel DC (1989) A Case Study of the Shaft Friction of Bored Piles in London Clay in Terms of Total and Effective Stresses. MSc Dissertation, Imperial College London, UK R38 Powell JIM and Skinner H (2013) A review of pile test results and design from a London clay site. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris, pp. 2827-2830. R39 Searle IW and Bartholomew RF (1976) The behaviour of driven cast in situ and bored piles in weathered chalk. Géotechnique 26(1):21-32. R40_01 Sherwood DE and Mitchell JM (1989) Base grouted piles in Thanet Sands, London. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Piling and Deep Foundations, London, UK (Burland J and Mitchell J (Eds)), AA Balkema Rotterdam, the Netherlands, pp. 463-472 R40_02 Sherwood DE and Mitchell JM (1989) Base grouted piles in Thanet Sands, London. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Piling and Deep Foundations, London, UK (Burland J and Mitchell J (Eds)), AA Balkema Rotterdam, the Netherlands, pp. 463-472 R40_03 Sherwood DE and Mitchell JM (1989) Base grouted piles in Thanet Sands, London. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Piling and Deep Foundations, London, UK (Burland J and Mitchell J (Eds)), AA Balkema Rotterdam, the Netherlands, pp. 463-472 R40_04 Sherwood DE and Mitchell JM (1989) Base grouted piles in Thanet Sands, London. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Piling and Deep Foundations, London, UK (Burland J and Mitchell J (Eds)), AA Balkema Rotterdam, the Netherlands, pp. 463-472 R40_05 Sherwood DE and Mitchell JM (1989) Base grouted piles in Thanet Sands, London. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Piling and Deep Foundations, London, UK (Burland J and Mitchell J (Eds)), AA Balkema Rotterdam, the Netherlands, pp. 463-472 R41 Steger EH, Fice FGS and Derbyshire PH (1975) Piling on to Thanet Sand at Euston Square. Ground Engineering 8:29-33. R42 Suckling T (2003) Driven cast insitu piles, the CPT and the SPT-two case studies. Ground Engineering 36(10):28-32. R43 Troughton VM and Platis A (1989) The effect of changes in effective stress on base grouted pile in sand. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Piling and Deep Foundations, London, UK (Burland J and Mitchell J (Eds)), AA Balkema Rotterdam, the Netherlands, pp. 445-453. R44 Unwin H and Jessep RA ( 2004) Long-term pile testing in London Clay: a case study. In Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Geotechnical Engineering 157(2):57-63 R45 Whitaker T, Cooke RW (1966) An investigation of the shaft and base resistance of large bored piles in London clay. In Proceedings of the Symposium by the Institution of Civil Engineers and the Reinforced Concrete Association; Institution of Civil Engineers, London, UK, pp. 7-49 R46 Whitworth LJ, Turner AJ and Lee RG (1993) Bitumen slip coated trial piles and prototype underreamed trial pile at Angel Square, Islington. GROUND ENGINEERING 26(1):28-33 R47 Yeats JA and O'Riordan NJ (1989) The design and construction of large diameter base grouted piles in Thanet Sand at Blackwall Yard, London. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Piling and Deep Foundations, London, UK (Burland J and Mitchell J (Eds)), AA Balkema Rotterdam, the Netherlands, pp. 455-461 R48 Yeow HC, Nicholson D, Morrison P and Geotechnics A (2006) Moorhouse, London - Designing for future Crossrail. The magazine of the Deep Foundations Institute, Winter 2006 :5-10.